学习资料

高三英语复习教程——语法与词汇冲刺

18 阅读 2026-06-03
内容简介

系统讲解高三英语语法与词汇的综合复习,涵盖时态与语态、从句与特殊句式、非谓语动词、核心词汇辨析等高考核心考点。

高三英语复习教程——语法与词汇冲刺

概述

语法和词汇是英语学习的基础,也是高考英语的重要考查内容。高考英语中,语法填空和短文改错直接考查语法知识,完形填空和阅读理解则间接考查词汇和语法的运用能力。在高考冲刺阶段,系统梳理高频语法考点和核心词汇,能够帮助同学们在考试中减少失误,提高得分率。

本教程将从时态与语态、从句与特殊句式、非谓语动词、核心词汇辨析四个核心考点展开,帮助同学们高效复习。


一、时态与语态

1.1 常见时态归纳

一般现在时

  • 用法:表示经常性、习惯性动作;客观事实;按时刻表运行的事件
  • 标志词:always, usually, often, sometimes, every day
  • 例句:The earth goes around the sun.

一般过去时

  • 用法:表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态
  • 标志词:yesterday, last week, in 2020, ago
  • 例句:I visited Beijing last summer.

一般将来时

  • 用法:表示将要发生的动作
  • 标志词:tomorrow, next week, in the future
  • 例句:I will go to college next year.

现在进行时

  • 用法:表示现在正在进行的动作;近期计划
  • 标志词:now, at the moment, look, listen
  • 例句:She is reading a book now.

过去进行时

  • 用法:表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
  • 标志词:at that time, when, while
  • 例句:I was watching TV when he came in.

现在完成时

  • 用法:表示过去发生并持续到现在的动作;过去发生的动作对现在有影响
  • 标志词:already, yet, just, ever, never, since, for
  • 例句:I have lived here for five years.

过去完成时

  • 用法:表示"过去的过去"
  • 标志词:by the time, before, after, by the end of
  • 例句:By the time I arrived, the train had already left.

现在完成进行时

  • 用法:表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且可能继续下去
  • 例句:I have been waiting for you for two hours.

1.2 被动语态

被动语态的构成:be + 过去分词

常见时态的被动形式

  • 一般现在时:am/is/are + done
  • 一般过去时:was/were + done
  • 一般将来时:will be + done
  • 现在进行时:am/is/are being + done
  • 过去进行时:was/were being + done
  • 现在完成时:have/has been + done

不用被动语态的情况

  • 不及物动词没有被动语态:happen, take place, break out
  • 系动词没有被动语态:look, feel, smell, taste, sound
  • "主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补"结构中,宾补是不定式时要还原to

1.3 时态解题技巧

看时间状语:根据时间状语判断时态。

看上下文语境:根据前后文的时态判断。

看动作先后顺序:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。

看主语与谓语的关系:主语是动作的承受者用被动语态。


二、从句与特殊句式

2.1 定语从句

关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that, as

关系副词:when, where, why

that与which的区别: 只用that的情况:

  • 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰
  • 先行词被all, every, any, no等修饰
  • 先行词既有人又有物
  • 先行词被the only, the very修饰

只用which的情况:

  • 非限制性定语从句
  • 介词后面

例题:This is the best film ______ I have ever seen.

答案:that。先行词被最高级修饰,只能用that。

2.2 名词性从句

主语从句:That he passed the exam made us happy. / It is important that we study hard.

宾语从句:I believe (that) he is honest. / I don't know whether/if he will come.

表语从句:The problem is that we don't have enough time.

同位语从句:The news that he won the prize is true.

that与what的区别:that在从句中不充当成分,what在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。

2.3 状语从句

时间状语从句:when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as soon as

条件状语从句:if, unless, as long as, on condition that

原因状语从句:because, since, as, now that

让步状语从句:although/though, even though/if, while, as(倒装)

目的状语从句:so that, in order that

结果状语从句:so...that, such...that

注意

  • 时间和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时
  • although不能与but连用
  • because不能与so连用

2.4 特殊句式

倒装句

  • 完全倒装:Here comes the bus. / On the wall hangs a picture.
  • 部分倒装:Never have I seen such a beautiful place. / Only in this way can we succeed.

强调句:It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其余部分。

省略句

  • 状语从句中省略主语和be动词:When (I was) young, I liked swimming.
  • 不定式的省略:You can go if you want to (go).

虚拟语气

  • 与现在事实相反:if + 过去时,主句用would/could/might + do
  • 与过去事实相反:if + had done,主句用would/could/might + have done
  • 与将来事实相反:if + should do / were to do,主句用would/could/might + do

三、非谓语动词

3.1 不定式

作主语:To learn English well is important. / It is important to learn English well.

作宾语:I want to go home.

作定语:I have something to tell you.

作状语:He came here to study English.(目的)/ I'm glad to see you.(原因)

作宾补:I asked him to help me.

注意

  • 不定式的否定:not to do
  • 不定式的完成式:to have done(表示动作发生在谓语动词之前)
  • 省略to的不定式:使役动词make/let/have和感官动词see/hear/watch/notice/feel后面

3.2 动名词

作主语:Swimming is good exercise.

作宾语:I enjoy reading books.

作表语:My hobby is collecting stamps.

只接动名词的动词:enjoy, finish, mind, practice, suggest, avoid, consider, deny, imagine, risk, miss, keep, give up, can't help, feel like, be worth, be used to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to

只接不定式的动词:want, wish, hope, expect, decide, determine, agree, refuse, promise, pretend, plan, manage, afford, fail, happen, seem, appear

3.3 分词

现在分词(doing):表示主动、进行。

过去分词(done):表示被动、完成。

作定语

  • The sleeping baby is my son.(现在分词,主动)
  • The broken window needs repairing.(过去分词,被动)

作状语

  • Hearing the news, she burst into tears.(时间,主动)
  • Given more time, I could do it better.(条件,被动)

作宾补

  • I saw him crossing the street.(现在分词,正在进行)
  • I had my hair cut.(过去分词,被动)

3.4 非谓语动词解题技巧

判断是否需要非谓语动词:如果句子已有谓语动词,且没有连词,则需要用非谓语形式。

判断用哪种形式

  • 与逻辑主语是主动关系→现在分词或不定式
  • 与逻辑主语是被动关系→过去分词
  • 表示目的→不定式
  • 表示伴随→现在分词

判断时态

  • 动作先于谓语动词→完成式(having done / having been done)
  • 动作与谓语动词同时→一般式(doing / done)

四、核心词汇辨析

4.1 高频动词辨析

spend/cost/take/pay

  • sb. spend time/money on sth. / (in) doing sth.
  • sth. cost sb. money
  • It takes sb. time to do sth.
  • sb. pay money for sth.

say/speak/tell/talk

  • say:说(接具体内容)
  • speak:说(接语言),演讲
  • tell:告诉(接人),讲故事
  • talk:交谈(接to/with/about)

look/see/watch/read

  • look:看(强调动作)
  • see:看见(强调结果)
  • watch:观看(强调过程)
  • read:阅读

4.2 高频名词辨析

advice/advise

  • advice(名词):建议
  • advise(动词):建议

effect/affect

  • effect(名词):影响;效果
  • affect(动词):影响

experience

  • 可数名词:经历
  • 不可数名词:经验

4.3 高频介词搭配

与in搭配:in time, in trouble, in danger, in order, in fact, in general, in particular, in addition, in case, in charge of, in common, in detail, in exchange for, in favor of, in honor of, in need of, in other words, in return, in spite of, in terms of, in the end, in turn, in vain

与on搭配:on time, on duty, on sale, on purpose, on the contrary, on the other hand, on the whole, on behalf of, on condition that, on no account, on schedule

与at搭配:at first, at last, at least, at most, at once, at present, at the same time, at the cost of, at the mercy of, at the risk of


练习题

练习1

选择正确的时态填空:

By the end of last year, I ______ (learn) 3000 English words.

答案:had learned。"by the end of last year"表示"到去年年底为止",是过去完成时的标志词。

练习2

选择正确的关系词:

I will never forget the day ______ I first came to this school.

答案:when。先行词是the day,表示时间,在从句中作时间状语,用when。

练习3

选择正确的非谓语动词形式:

______ (see) from the top of the mountain, the city looks very beautiful.

答案:Seen。the city与see是被动关系(城市被看),用过去分词。

练习4

翻译下列句子,注意非谓语动词的使用:

"为了赶上早班公交车,他每天早上六点起床。"

答案:To catch the early bus, he gets up at six every morning.(不定式作目的状语)

练习5

选择正确的词义:

The new policy has had a positive ______ on the economy.

  1. affect B. effect C. effort D. afford

答案:B。effect(名词)意为"影响;效果",符合句意。affect是动词,effort是"努力",afford是"负担得起"。


总结

语法与词汇的复习要点:

  1. 时态与语态:掌握八种常见时态的用法和标志词,理解被动语态的构成和使用场景。

  2. 从句:熟练掌握定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句的引导词和用法,注意特殊句式。

  3. 非谓语动词:区分不定式、动名词和分词的用法,掌握判断非谓语动词形式的方法。

  4. 词汇辨析:积累高频动词、名词和介词搭配,注意近义词的区别。

  5. 解题技巧:语境分析法是解题的核心,要结合上下文语境判断时态、语态和词汇的使用。

文章声明

本文仅供学习和参考,不构成任何投资建议。如有侵权,请联系删除。

目录