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高三英语复习教程——语法与完形填空

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内容简介

系统讲解高三英语语法与完形填空的综合复习,涵盖高考高频语法考点、完形填空解题技巧、词汇辨析、固定搭配等高考核心内容。

高三英语复习教程——语法与完形填空

概述

高三英语复习是高考冲刺的关键阶段。语法和完形填空是高考英语的两大核心板块:语法填空考查学生对英语语法规则的掌握程度,完形填空则综合考查词汇、语法、阅读理解和逻辑推理能力。

很多同学在复习中存在困惑:语法规则太多记不住,完形填空正确率忽高忽低。本教程将系统梳理高考高频语法考点,总结完形填空的解题技巧,并提供实用的词汇辨析和固定搭配,帮助你在高考中取得理想成绩。


一、高考高频语法考点

1.1 动词时态

高考英语重点考查的时态有8种:

时态 结构 用法 标志词
一般现在时 do/does 经常性动作、客观事实 always, usually, every day
一般过去时 did 过去发生的动作 yesterday, last week, ago
一般将来时 will do / be going to do 将来发生的动作 tomorrow, next week
现在进行时 am/is/are doing 正在进行的动作 now, at the moment
过去进行时 was/were doing 过去某时正在进行 at that time, when
现在完成时 have/has done 过去发生持续到现在 already, yet, since, for
过去完成时 had done 过去的过去 by the time, before
将来完成时 will have done 将来某时已完成 by + 将来时间

易错点辨析

一般过去时 vs 现在完成时

  • 一般过去时:强调过去发生的事实,与现在无关。I went to Beijing last year.(去年去了北京,现在不一定在北京)
  • 现在完成时:强调对现在的影响或持续到现在。I have been to Beijing.(去过北京,现在有这个经历)

过去完成时的使用条件:必须有"过去的过去"——即有两个过去动作,先发生的用过去完成时。

  • When I arrived, the train had already left.(我到达时,火车已经离开了。"到达"是过去,"离开"在"到达"之前,是过去的过去)

例题:By the end of last year, we _____ (learn) 3,000 English words.

答案:had learned。"by the end of last year"表示到去年年底为止,是过去的时间点,用过去完成时。

1.2 被动语态

被动语态的构成:be + 过去分词

时态 被动形式 例句
一般现在时 am/is/are done English is spoken worldwide.
一般过去时 was/were done The bridge was built in 2020.
一般将来时 will be done The meeting will be held tomorrow.
现在完成时 have/has been done The work has been completed.
含情态动词 can/must/should be done Rules must be followed.

不能用被动语态的情况

  • 不及物动词:happen, appear, disappear, belong to
  • 系动词:be, become, seem, look, feel, taste, smell
  • "主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补"结构中,宾补是不定式时被动语态要加to

例题:This book _____ (translate) into 20 languages since it was published.

答案:has been translated。"since"提示用现在完成时,书是被翻译的,用被动语态。

1.3 非谓语动词

非谓语动词是高考语法的重点和难点,包括不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词(现在分词doing / 过去分词done)。

不定式的用法

  • 作目的状语:I went to the library to borrow a book.
  • 作结果状语(出乎意料的结果):He woke up only to find himself in hospital.
  • 作宾语:I want to go home.
  • 作定语(将来):The meeting to be held tomorrow is important.

动名词的用法

  • 作主语:Reading is a good habit.
  • 作宾语(某些动词后只接doing):enjoy, finish, practice, mind, avoid, suggest, consider, imagine
  • 介词后用doing:I'm interested in learning English.

只接doing的动词口诀:享受完成练避免,介意建议考虑想象

  • enjoy doing, finish doing, practice doing, avoid doing
  • mind doing, suggest doing, consider doing, imagine doing

既接doing又接to do但意义不同的动词

  • remember to do(记得要做)vs remember doing(记得做过)
  • forget to do(忘记要做)vs forget doing(忘记做过)
  • stop to do(停下来去做另一件事)vs stop doing(停止正在做的事)
  • try to do(努力做)vs try doing(尝试做)

现在分词 vs 过去分词

  • 现在分词(-ing):表示主动、进行
  • 过去分词(-ed):表示被动、完成

例题:_____ (see) from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.

答案:Seen。city是被看的(被动),用过去分词。"Seen from the top of the mountain"是过去分词短语作状语。

1.4 定语从句

关系代词:who(人,主语)、whom(人,宾语)、whose(人/物,所有格)、which(物)、that(人/物)

关系副词:when(时间)、where(地点)、why(原因)

只能用that的情况

  • 先行词被最高级修饰:This is the best movie that I've ever seen.
  • 先行词被序数词修饰:He was the first person that arrived.
  • 先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing等不定代词
  • 先行词既有人又有物

只能用which的情况

  • 非限制性定语从句(逗号后):He passed the exam, which made his parents happy.
  • 介词后面:The house in which he lives is very old.

as引导的定语从句

  • the same...as(和...一样)
  • such...as(像...这样的)
  • as is known to all(众所周知)

例题:I'll never forget the day _____ I first came to this school.

答案:when/on which。先行词是the day(时间),在从句中作时间状语,用关系副词when。

1.5 名词性从句

主语从句:That he passed the exam surprised us all. / What he said is true.

宾语从句:I believe (that) he is honest. / I don't know whether/if he will come.

表语从句:The problem is that we don't have enough time.

同位语从句:The news that he won the prize is true.(解释news的具体内容)

同位语从句 vs 定语从句

  • 同位语从句:that引导,从句解释名词的内容,that不作成分
  • 定语从句:that引导,从句修饰名词,that在从句中作主语或宾语

例题:The fact _____ he didn't pass the exam made his parents disappointed.

答案:that。这是同位语从句,解释fact的具体内容,that不作从句中的成分。

1.6 虚拟语气

与现在事实相反:If I were you, I would study harder.(If + 过去式, would + do)

与过去事实相反:If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.(If + had done, would have done)

与将来事实相反:If it should rain tomorrow, we would cancel the picnic.(If + should do / were to do, would do)

wish后的虚拟语气

  • 与现在相反:I wish I were taller.(were)
  • 与过去相反:I wish I had studied harder.(had done)
  • 与将来相反:I wish I could fly.(would/could do)

suggest/demand/insist等动词后的宾语从句用"(should) + 动词原形":

  • The doctor suggested that he (should) take more exercise.

二、完形填空解题技巧

2.1 完形填空的考查特点

完形填空是一篇200-300词的短文,挖去20个空,要求从四个选项中选择最佳答案。考查内容包括:

  • 词汇辨析(约40%):近义词、形近词的区分
  • 固定搭配(约25%):动词短语、介词搭配
  • 逻辑推理(约20%):上下文逻辑关系
  • 语法知识(约15%):时态、语态、从句等

2.2 三步解题法

第一步:通读全文,把握大意(2分钟)

  • 不看选项,快速浏览全文
  • 理解文章的主题、情感基调和故事发展脉络
  • 特别关注首句——首句通常不设空,是理解全文的关键

第二步:逐题分析,选择答案(8分钟)

  • 结合上下文语境选择答案
  • 注意前后呼应——答案往往在文章的其他地方有提示
  • 对于不确定的题,先跳过,做完其他题后再回来

第三步:回读全文,检查答案(2分钟)

  • 将答案代入原文通读一遍
  • 检查是否通顺、逻辑是否一致
  • 特别检查动词时态和介词搭配

2.3 逻辑关系词

完形填空中经常考查逻辑关系词的使用:

转折关系:but, however, yet, nevertheless, on the contrary, instead

  • 前后语义相反

因果关系:because, since, as, so, therefore, thus, as a result, due to

  • 前后是因果关系

递进关系:moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition, what's more

  • 后面的内容比前面更进一步

并列关系:and, also, as well as, both...and, not only...but also

  • 前后语义一致

让步关系:although, though, even though, despite, in spite of

  • 前后语义有转折

例题:He studied very hard. _____, he failed the exam.

  1. Therefore B) However C) Moreover D) Otherwise

答案:B) However。前句说"他学习很努力",后句说"他考试没及格",语义转折,用However。

2.4 高频词汇辨析

spend / cost / take / pay

  • sb. spend + 时间/金钱 + (in) doing / on sth.
  • sth. cost + sb. + 金钱
  • It takes + sb. + 时间 + to do sth.
  • sb. pay + 金钱 + for sth.

say / speak / talk / tell

  • say:强调说话内容(say something)
  • speak:强调说某种语言或正式发言(speak English, speak at the meeting)
  • talk:强调交谈(talk with sb. about sth.)
  • tell:强调告诉某人(tell sb. sth. / tell a story)

because / because of

  • because + 句子:Because it rained, we stayed home.
  • because of + 名词/动名词:Because of the rain, we stayed home.

although / but:不能同时使用!

  • 正确:Although it rained, we went out. / It rained, but we went out.
  • 错误:Although it rained, but we went out.

used to do / be used to doing / be used to do

  • used to do:过去常常做(现在不做了)I used to play basketball.
  • be used to doing:习惯于做 I'm used to getting up early.
  • be used to do:被用来做 Knives are used to cut things.

2.5 高频固定搭配

动词短语

  • look forward to doing(期待做)
  • pay attention to doing(注意做)
  • be devoted to doing(致力于做)
  • get used to doing(习惯于做)
  • give up doing(放弃做)
  • insist on doing(坚持做)
  • feel like doing(想要做)
  • be worth doing(值得做)
  • have difficulty/trouble doing(做某事有困难)
  • spend time doing(花时间做)

介词搭配

  • be good at(擅长)
  • be interested in(对...感兴趣)
  • be proud of(为...骄傲)
  • be famous for(以...著名)
  • be different from(与...不同)
  • depend on(依赖)
  • consist of(由...组成)
  • look after(照顾)
  • look for(寻找)
  • come up with(想出)

三、完形填空实战演练

3.1 解题示例

原文(部分): Tom was a boy who loved reading. Every day after school, he would go to the library and _____ (1) hours there. One day, he found a _____ (2) book on the shelf. It was about a young explorer who _____ (3) around the world. Tom was so _____ (4) that he couldn't put it down.

    1. waste B) spend C) take D) cost 答案:B) spend。sb. spend + 时间 + 地点(在某地度过时间)
    1. boring B) interesting C) difficult D) easy 答案:B) interesting。后文说"couldn't put it down"(爱不释手),说明这本书很有趣。
    1. traveled B) traveled C) was traveling D) has traveled 答案:A) traveled。讲述书中的故事,用一般过去时。
    1. tired B) bored C) excited D) worried 答案:C) excited。发现一本好书,应该是兴奋的。

3.2 常见错误类型

错误一:脱离上下文 很多同学只看空格所在的句子,不考虑上下文。完形填空的答案往往需要结合前后文才能确定。

错误二:被中文思维干扰 例如,中文说"花时间做某事",但英文是"spend time doing"(doing而非to do)。

错误三:忽略固定搭配 有些题目考查的是固定的动词短语或介词搭配,没有规律可循,只能靠积累。


四、语法填空技巧

4.1 题型分析

语法填空共10个空,分为两种类型:

  • 有提示词(约7个):给出单词的原形,需要变换形式
  • 无提示词(约3个):需要填入适当的词(冠词、介词、连词、代词)

4.2 有提示词的解题策略

提示词是动词

  • 考查时态:根据时间状语和上下文判断时态
  • 考查语态:判断主语是动作的执行者还是承受者
  • 考查非谓语:判断用to do、doing还是done
  • 考查主谓一致:主语是第三人称单数时动词加s

提示词是形容词/副词

  • 考查比较级/最高级
  • 形容词变副词(加-ly)

提示词是名词

  • 考查单复数
  • 名词变形容词

提示词是代词

  • 考查主格/宾格/所有格/反身代词

4.3 无提示词的解题策略

填冠词:a/an/the,根据名词的特指或泛指判断

填介词:根据固定搭配或上下文逻辑判断

填连词:根据句子之间的逻辑关系判断(因果、转折、条件等)

填代词:it/they/them等,根据指代关系判断

例题:_____ is known to all, the earth goes around the sun.

答案:As。"As is known to all"是固定搭配,意为"众所周知",as引导非限制性定语从句。


练习题

题目一

选择正确的时态填空:By the time you arrive, I _____ (finish) my homework.

答案:will have finished。"by the time you arrive"表示到你到达的时候(将来),用将来完成时。

题目二

区分以下句子中的非谓语动词形式:

  1. I saw him _____ (cross) the street.(他正在过马路)
  2. I saw him _____ (cross) the street.(他过了马路)

答案

  1. crossing(现在分词,表示正在进行)——我看到他正在过马路
  2. cross(省略to的不定式,表示全过程)——我看到他过了马路(整个过程) 感官动词(see, hear, watch, feel等)后接doing表示正在进行,接do(省略to的不定式)表示动作的全过程。

题目三

用适当的连词填空:_____ it was raining heavily, _____ they continued to work.

答案:Although / Though; yet(也可以不填)。"虽然下大雨,但他们继续工作。"注意:although和but不能同时使用,但although和yet可以搭配使用。

题目四

完形填空:He was _____ tired _____ he fell asleep at his desk.

  1. too...to B) so...that C) such...that D) enough...to

答案:B) so...that。"so + 形容词 + that从句"表示"如此...以至于..."。句意:他太累了,以至于在桌子上睡着了。

题目五

语法填空:The book _____ (write) by Lu Xun _____ (publish) in 1921 and is still popular today.

答案:written; was published。第一个空是过去分词作定语(被动),修饰book;第二个空是谓语动词,用一般过去时的被动语态,因为"in 1921"是过去的时间。


总结

高三英语语法和完形填空的复习要点:

语法复习

  1. 时态:掌握8种时态的用法和标志词,特别注意现在完成时和过去完成时
  2. 被动语态:掌握各时态的被动形式,注意不能用被动的情况
  3. 非谓语动词:to do / doing / done 的用法区别是高考重点
  4. 定语从句:关系代词和关系副词的选择,that与which的区别
  5. 虚拟语气:if条件句和wish后的虚拟语气

完形填空复习

  1. 先通读全文再做题,不要边读边填
  2. 注意上下文逻辑关系,答案往往在前后文有提示
  3. 积累高频词汇辨析和固定搭配
  4. 做完后回读全文检查

备考建议

  • 每天做1篇完形填空+1篇语法填空,保持手感
  • 建立错题本,分类整理错误原因
  • 背诵高频固定搭配和词汇辨析
  • 考前一个月重点回顾错题本

英语学习没有捷径,但有方法。坚持每天练习,注重总结反思,你一定能在高考中取得好成绩。加油!

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