九年级英语上册教程——宾语从句与定语从句

适用年级：九年级上册 | 科目：英语 | 备战中考系列教程

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前言

同学们好！欢迎来到九年级英语上册的核心语法教程。本教程将系统讲解初中阶段最重要的语法知识——宾语从句、定语从句、被动语态和现在完成时。这些内容是中考英语的高频考点，也是英语学习从基础走向进阶的关键一步。

本教程采用"知识点讲解 + 典型例题 + 课后练习"的模式，帮助大家扎实掌握每一个语法点。建议同学们学完每章后认真完成练习题，及时巩固所学内容。

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第一章 宾语从句

1.1 什么是宾语从句？

在英语句子中，宾语是用来回答"做了什么"或"对谁做"的成分。比如：

• I know him.（我认识他。）——这里的 him 是宾语。
• She likes music.（她喜欢音乐。）——这里的 music 是宾语。

那如果宾语不是一个简单的词，而是一个完整的句子呢？这就形成了宾语从句。

宾语从句：在复合句中充当宾语的句子，由一个完整的陈述句或疑问句转化而来。

举个例子：

• I know that he is a teacher.（我知道他是一名老师。）

在这个句子中，"that he is a teacher"整体充当了动词 know 的宾语，这就是一个宾语从句。

1.2 宾语从句的三种类型

1.2.1 由 that 引导的宾语从句

当宾语从句是一个陈述句时，用 that 引导。that 在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有实际意义，有时可以省略。

例句：

• I believe that she will come back soon.（我相信她很快就会回来。）
• He said that he was tired.（他说他很累。）
• We all know that the earth goes around the sun.（我们都知道地球绕着太阳转。）

注意点：

• that 在口语中经常被省略：I believe she will come back soon.
• 但在正式写作中，建议保留 that，使句子结构更清晰。

1.2.2 由 if / whether 引导的宾语从句

当宾语从句是一个一般疑问句（即可以用 Yes/No 回答的疑问句）时，用 if 或 whether 引导，意思是"是否"。

例句：

• I don't know if he will come tomorrow.（我不知道他明天是否会来。）
• Can you tell me whether she likes this book?（你能告诉我她是否喜欢这本书吗？）
• I wonder if it will rain today.（我想知道今天是否会下雨。）

if 和 whether 的区别：

情况	用 whether	用 if
一般宾语从句	✅	✅
与 or not 直接连用	✅ whether or not	❌
作介词宾语时	✅	❌
放在句首（主语从句）	✅	❌

例：

• I don't know whether or not he will come.（✅）
• I don't know if or not he will come.（❌）
• It depends on whether you work hard.（✅，介词 on 后面用 whether）

1.2.3 由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句

当宾语从句是一个特殊疑问句时，用原来的疑问词（what, where, when, who, how, why, which 等）来引导。

例句：

• I don't know where he lives.（我不知道他住在哪里。）
• Can you tell me what time it is?（你能告诉我现在几点吗？）
• She asked me why I was late.（她问我为什么迟到了。）
• Do you know how he got there?（你知道他是怎么到那里的吗？）
• I wonder who broke the window.（我想知道是谁打破了窗户。）

重要提醒： 特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句要用陈述句语序，不能用疑问句语序！

• ✅ I don't know where he lives.
• ❌ I don't know where does he live.

1.3 宾语从句的三大要素

学好宾语从句，必须记住三个关键点：引导词、语序、时态。

1.3.1 引导词的选择

原句类型	引导词	示例
陈述句	that	He is a student. → I know that he is a student.
一般疑问句	if / whether	Will he come? → I wonder if he will come.
特殊疑问句	疑问词本身	Where does he live? → Tell me where he lives.

1.3.2 语序：陈述句语序

无论原句是什么语序，宾语从句一律使用陈述句语序，即"主语 + 谓语"的顺序。

• 原句：What is he doing?（疑问语序）

• 从句：I want to know what he is doing.（陈述语序 ✅）

• 错误：I want to know what is he doing.（疑问语序 ❌）

• 原句：Where did she go?（疑问语序）

• 从句：He asked where she went.（陈述语序 ✅）

• 错误：He asked where did she go.（疑问语序 ❌）

1.3.3 时态的呼应

宾语从句的时态需要和主句保持一致，这叫做时态呼应。

规则：

主句时态	从句时态
一般现在时	根据实际情况选择时态
一般过去时	相应变为过去的某种时态
客观事实/真理	永远用一般现在时

例句：

1. 主句现在时 → 从句按实际情况：

   • I think he is right.（我认为他是对的。）
   • I know she has finished her homework.（我知道她已经完成了作业。）

2. 主句过去时 → 从句变为过去时态：

   • He said he was tired.（他说他很累。）（is → was）
   • She told me she had seen the movie.（她告诉我她看过那部电影。）（has seen → had seen）
   • I thought he would come.（我以为他会来。）（will come → would come）

3. 客观真理 → 永远一般现在时：

   • The teacher told us that the earth is round.（老师告诉我们地球是圆的。）
   • He said that light travels faster than sound.（他说光比声音传播得快。）

注意： could, would, should 等情态动词在宾语从句中不变。

1.4 宾语从句知识点总结

• 宾语从句是用一个完整句子充当宾语
• 引导词有三类：that（陈述句）、if/whether（一般疑问句）、特殊疑问词（特殊疑问句）
• 语序必须是陈述句语序（主语 + 谓语）
• 时态要与主句保持呼应，但客观真理永远用一般现在时
• that 引导的从句中，that 可以省略

1.5 典型例题

例题1： I want to know ______ he will come back.

1. that B. what C. where D. if

解析： 句意是"我想知道他是否会回来"。"是否"对应 if/whether。答案是 D。

例题2： Could you tell me ______?

1. where is the hospital B. where the hospital is
2. where was the hospital D. where the hospital was

解析： 宾语从句必须用陈述句语序，排除 A 和 C。主句 could 是过去时，但这里 could 表示礼貌请求，并非真正的过去时，从句用一般现在时即可。答案是 B。

例题3： The teacher told us that the sun ______ in the east.

1. rise B. rises C. rose D. risen

解析： "太阳从东方升起"是客观真理，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时。主语 the sun 是第三人称单数，动词加 s。答案是 B。

1.6 练习题

一、选择题

1. Do you know ______?

   1. what is his name B. what his name is
   2. what his name D. what name his is

2. I don't know ______ he will come or not.

   1. if B. that C. whether D. what

3. She said that she ______ to Beijing the next week.

   1. will go B. would go C. goes D. went

4. Can you tell me ______?

   1. how can I get to the park B. how I can get to the park
   2. how do I get to the park D. how I get to the park can

5. The teacher told us that the moon ______ around the earth.

   1. go B. goes C. went D. going

二、用适当的引导词填空

1. I don't know ______ he is late today.
2. She asked me ______ I liked English or Chinese.
3. He told me ______ he was very happy.
4. Could you tell me ______ the post office is?
5. I wonder ______ book this is.

三、将下列句子合并为含宾语从句的复合句

1. Where does she live? Do you know?
2. He is a good student. I think.
3. When will the meeting start? Can you tell me?

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第二章 定语从句

2.1 什么是定语？

在了解定语从句之前，我们先回顾什么是定语。定语是用来修饰名词的成分。

• A beautiful girl.（一个漂亮的女孩。）——beautiful 是定语，修饰 girl。
• A tall building.（一座高楼。）——tall 是定语，修饰 building。

当定语不是用一个词，而是用一个完整的句子来修饰名词时，就形成了定语从句。

2.2 什么是定语从句？

定语从句：在复合句中充当定语、修饰某个名词或代词的从句。

被修饰的名词叫做先行词，定语从句紧跟在先行词后面，由关系词引导。

例：

• The boy who is standing there is my brother. （站在那里的那个男孩是我的哥哥。）

这里：

• 先行词是 the boy（被修饰的名词）
• 关系词是 who（引导从句，并在从句中充当主语）
• who is standing there 是定语从句，修饰 the boy

2.3 关系代词

定语从句的关系代词主要有：who, whom, whose, which, that。

2.3.1 who 和 whom——指人

• who 在从句中作主语（不能省略）
• whom 在从句中作宾语（可以省略）

例句：

• The girl who won the prize is my classmate.（获奖的那个女孩是我的同学。）——who 作从句主语
• The man (whom) I met yesterday is a doctor.（我昨天遇到的那个人是医生。）——whom 作从句宾语，可省略

2.3.2 which——指物

• which 修饰物，在从句中作主语或宾语

例句：

• The book which is on the desk is mine.（桌上的那本书是我的。）——which 作从句主语
• The movie (which) I watched last night was exciting.（我昨晚看的那部电影很精彩。）——which 作从句宾语，可省略

2.3.3 that——指人或物（万能关系代词）

• that 既可以指人，也可以指物，是最常用的关系代词

例句：

• The student that studies hardest always gets the best grades.（学习最刻苦的那个学生总是取得最好的成绩。）——that 指人，作主语
• The cake (that) my mom made was delicious.（我妈妈做的蛋糕很好吃。）——that 指物，作宾语

2.3.4 whose——表示"谁的"

• whose 表示所属关系，相当于"……的"

例句：

• The girl whose mother is a teacher studies very hard.（妈妈是老师的那个女孩学习很刻苦。）
• I know the boy whose bike was stolen.（我知道那个自行车被偷的男孩。）

2.4 关系代词的选择技巧

先行词	作主语	作宾语	作定语（谁的）
人	who / that	whom / who / that（可省略）	whose
物	which / that	which / that（可省略）	whose

记忆口诀：

• 指人用 who/that，指物用 which/that
• 作宾语时关系代词可以省略
• 表所属用 whose

2.5 只能用 that 的情况

以下情况中，定语从句只能用 that，不能用 which：

1. 先行词被序数词修饰时

   • This is the first book that I read in English.（这是我读的第一本英语书。）

2. 先行词被最高级修饰时

   • She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.（她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩。）

3. 先行词是不定代词时（something, anything, nothing, everything, all, much, little 等）

   • Is there anything that I can do for you?（有什么我能为你做的吗？）
   • All that glitters is not gold.（发光的不都是金子。）

4. 先行词既有人又有物时

   • The man and his dog that passed by were very interesting.（路过的那个人和他的狗很有趣。）

5. 先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时

   • This is the very book that I want.（这正是我想要的书。）

2.6 不能用 that 的情况

1. 介词后面不能用 that

   • This is the house in which he lives.（✅）
   • This is the house in that he lives.（❌）

2. 非限制性定语从句中不用 that（初中阶段了解即可）

2.7 定语从句知识点总结

• 定语从句用来修饰名词或代词（先行词）
• 关系代词：who（人，主语）、whom（人，宾语）、whose（所属）、which（物）、that（人或物）
• 作宾语的关系代词可以省略
• 只能用 that 的五种情况需要牢记
• 介词后面不能用 that

2.8 典型例题

例题1： The woman ______ is talking to my mother is my aunt.

1. which B. who C. whose D. what

解析： 先行词是 the woman（人），从句中缺主语，用 who。答案是 B。

例题2： This is the best movie ______ I have ever seen.

1. which B. who C. that D. what

解析： 先行词被最高级 the best 修饰，只能用 that。答案是 C。

例题3： The book ______ cover is red belongs to Tom.

1. which B. that C. who D. whose

解析： 从句 cover is red 中，cover 是名词，前面需要一个表示"谁的"的词来修饰，用 whose。答案是 D。

2.9 练习题

一、选择题

1. The boy ______ father is a policeman is my friend.

   1. who B. which C. whose D. that

2. I like the music ______ I can dance to.

   1. who B. that C. whose D. what

3. This is the most interesting story ______ I have ever heard.

   1. which B. who C. that D. what

4. The girl ______ you met just now is my sister.

   1. which B. who C. whose D. what

5. Everything ______ he said was true.

   1. which B. who C. that D. what

二、用关系代词填空（who, which, that, whose）

1. The teacher ______ teaches us English is very kind.
2. I have a friend ______ brother is a pilot.
3. The pen ______ I bought yesterday is very nice.
4. She is the only person ______ can help you.
5. The city ______ we visited last summer was very beautiful.

三、合并句子（使用定语从句）

1. The girl is my sister. She is wearing a red dress.
2. I bought a book. The book is about history.
3. He is the man. I told you about him yesterday.

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第三章 被动语态

3.1 什么是语态？

英语中的动词有两种语态：

• 主动语态：主语是动作的执行者（谁做的）
• 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者（被做的）

例：

• 主动：Tom cleaned the room.（汤姆打扫了房间。）——Tom 是执行者
• 被动：The room was cleaned by Tom.（房间被汤姆打扫了。）——room 是承受者

3.2 被动语态的构成

被动语态 = be + 动词的过去分词

be 动词根据时态和主语进行变化，过去分词保持不变。

时态	被动语态结构	例句
一般现在时	am/is/are + done	English is spoken all over the world.（英语在全世界被使用。）
一般过去时	was/were + done	The window was broken yesterday.（窗户昨天被打碎了。）
一般将来时	will be + done	The meeting will be held tomorrow.（会议将于明天举行。）
现在进行时	am/is/are being + done	The bridge is being built now.（桥正在被建造。）
过去进行时	was/were being + done	The car was being repaired at that time.（那辆车当时正在被修理。）
现在完成时	have/has been + done	The work has been finished.（工作已经被完成了。）
含情态动词	can/must/should be + done	This must be done at once.（这件事必须立刻被完成。）

3.3 主动变被动的步骤

把主动语态变为被动语态，只需三步：

第一步： 找出主动句的宾语，把它变成被动句的主语 第二步： 把动词变为"be + 过去分词"，be 的时态与原句一致 第三步： 把主动句的主语放到 by 后面（如果需要强调）

示例：

• 主动：She writes a letter every day.（她每天写一封信。）
• 被动：A letter is written by her every day.（一封信每天被她写。）

分步拆解：

1. 宾语 a letter → 变成主语
2. writes → is written（一般现在时被动）
3. she → by her

3.4 被动语态的用法

什么时候需要用被动语态呢？主要有以下几种情况：

1. 不知道或不需要说明动作的执行者

• My bike was stolen last night.（我的自行车昨晚被偷了。）——不知道谁偷的
• Rice is grown in the south of China.（水稻在中国南方种植。）——不需要说明谁种的

2. 强调动作的承受者

• The Great Wall was built over 2,000 years ago.（长城建于2000多年前。）——强调长城

3. 客观描述、科学事实

• Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen.（水由氢和氧组成。）

3.5 主动与被动的对比

主动语态	被动语态
People speak English in many countries.	English is spoken in many countries (by people).
She wrote the letter.	The letter was written (by her).
They will build a new school.	A new school will be built (by them).
We must finish the work today.	The work must be finished today (by us).

3.6 被动语态的注意事项

1. 不及物动词没有被动语态

   • happen, take place, appear, disappear 等不及物动词没有被动形式
   • ❌ The accident was happened yesterday.
   • ✅ The accident happened yesterday.（事故发生在昨天。）

2. "get + 过去分词"也是被动

   • He got hurt in the accident.（他在事故中受伤了。）
   • 这种用法更口语化

3. 双宾语的被动

   • He gave me a book. → I was given a book. / A book was given to me.
   • 可以把间接宾语（人）或直接宾语（物）变成被动句的主语

3.7 被动语态知识点总结

• 被动语态结构：be + 过去分词
• be 的形式随主语和时态变化
• 主动变被动：宾语变主语，动词变 be + done，主语变 by 宾语
• 不及物动词没有被动语态
• 不知道执行者、强调承受者、客观描述时常用被动

3.8 典型例题

例题1： The flowers ______ every day.

1. must water B. must be watered C. must be watering D. must watered

解析： 花是被浇水的，用被动语态。情态动词被动：must be + 过去分词。答案是 B。

例题2： The bridge ______ two years ago.

1. was built B. is built C. built D. builds

解析： two years ago 表示过去时间，桥是被建的，用一般过去时被动 was built。答案是 A。

例题3： This song ______ by young people all over the country.

1. is loved B. loved C. is loving D. loves

解析： 主语 this song 是动作 love 的承受者，用被动语态。一般现在时被动 is loved。答案是 A。

3.9 练习题

一、选择题

1. The classroom ______ every afternoon.

   1. is cleaned B. cleaned C. is cleaning D. cleans

2. A new hospital ______ in our city next year.

   1. will build B. will be built C. is built D. was built

3. The old man ______ by a car yesterday.

   1. hit B. was hit C. is hit D. hits

4. Great changes ______ in our city since 2010.

   1. have taken place B. have been taken place
   2. took place D. were taken place

5. The book ______ into many languages.

   1. has translated B. has been translated
   2. was translating D. is translating

二、将下列主动句改为被动句

1. People plant trees every spring.
2. She cleaned the room an hour ago.
3. We will hold a meeting next Monday.
4. You must finish the work before Friday.
5. Someone has stolen my phone.

三、翻译题

1. 这首歌是去年写的。
2. 英语在全世界被广泛使用。
3. 这些作业必须在今天完成。

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第四章 现在完成时

4.1 现在完成时的构成

现在完成时 = have/has + 动词的过去分词

• 主语是 I/you/we/they → 用 have
• 主语是 he/she/it/单数名词 → 用 has

例句：

• I have finished my homework.（我已经完成了作业。）
• She has gone to Beijing.（她已经去了北京。）

过去分词的变化规则：

类型	规则	举例
规则变化	加 -ed	work → worked, play → played
以 e 结尾	加 -d	live → lived, hope → hoped
辅音+y结尾	变 y 为 i 加 -ed	study → studied, carry → carried
重读闭音节	双写末尾辅音加 -ed	stop → stopped, plan → planned
不规则变化	需要记忆	go → gone, see → seen, eat → eaten, write → written

4.2 现在完成时的用法

4.2.1 表示过去发生的动作对现在有影响

这是现在完成时最核心的用法——过去做了某事，结果影响到现在。

• I have lost my key.（我把钥匙弄丢了。）→ 结果：现在没有钥匙，进不了门
• He has eaten too much.（他吃得太多了。）→ 结果：现在肚子不舒服
• She has broken her leg.（她摔断了腿。）→ 结果：现在腿还是断的

4.2.2 表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态

这种用法常与 for（持续多久）和 since（从什么时候开始）连用。

• I have lived here for ten years.（我在这里住了十年了。）→ 从十年前到现在
• She has studied English since 2019.（她从2019年开始学英语。）→ 从2019年到现在
• We have known each other for a long time.（我们认识很久了。）

for 和 since 的区别：

介词	后接内容	例句
for	一段时间（for two hours, for three years）	I have waited for two hours.
since	时间点（since 2020, since last Monday）	I have waited since 9 o'clock.

4.2.3 表示从过去到现在经历的事情

常与 ever（曾经）、never（从未）、before（以前）连用。

• Have you ever been to Shanghai?（你去过上海吗？）
• I have never seen such a beautiful sunset.（我从未见过如此美丽的日落。）
• She has been to Japan twice.（她去过日本两次。）

4.3 现在完成时的标志词

以下词语/短语出现时，通常使用现在完成时：

标志词	含义	例句
already	已经（肯定句）	I have already finished.
yet	还（否定句/疑问句）	I haven't finished yet.
ever	曾经（疑问句）	Have you ever been there?
never	从未	I have never been there.
just	刚刚	He has just left.
so far	到目前为止	So far, everything is fine.
since	自从	I have lived here since 2018.
for	持续	I have lived here for 5 years.
recently	最近	I have recently started learning piano.

4.4 have been to 和 have gone to 的区别

这两个短语是考试中的高频考点：

• have been to：去过某地（已经回来了）
• have gone to：去了某地（人还没回来）

例句：

• She has been to Paris.（她去过巴黎。）→ 去过，现在回来了
• She has gone to Paris.（她去巴黎了。）→ 去了，现在还没回来
• Have you ever been to the Great Wall?（你去过长城吗？）→ 去过吗（现在在你面前）
• Where is Tom? He has gone to the library.（汤姆在哪？他去图书馆了。）→ 他不在这里

4.5 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

比较项	现在完成时	一般过去时
侧重点	强调对现在的影响	强调过去发生的事
时间标志	already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, since, for	yesterday, last week, in 2020, ago
与现在的关系	有关联	无关联

对比：

• I have lost my pen.（我把笔弄丢了。）→ 现在还没找到

• I lost my pen yesterday.（我昨天弄丢了笔。）→ 只说昨天发生了什么

• He has gone to Beijing.（他去北京了。）→ 他现在不在这里

• He went to Beijing last week.（他上周去了北京。）→ 只说上周的事

4.6 瞬间动词与持续性动词

有些动词表示的动作是瞬间完成的，不能和 for/since 连用表示持续，这类动词叫瞬间动词（也叫终止性动词）。

常见的瞬间动词和对应的持续性表达：

瞬间动词	持续性表达	含义
buy	have	买
borrow	keep	借
die	be dead	死
leave	be away	离开
join	be in / be a member of	加入
come / go	be here / be there	来/去
begin/start	be on	开始
finish	be over	完成
arrive	be here/there	到达
open	be open	打开
close	be closed	关闭

例句：

• ❌ I have bought this book for two years.（瞬间动词 buy 不能与 for 连用）

• ✅ I have had this book for two years.（这本书我买了两年了。）

• ❌ He has joined the army since 2020.

• ✅ He has been in the army since 2020.（他从2020年起就在军队了。）

4.7 现在完成时知识点总结

• 结构：have/has + 过去分词
• 用法：过去动作影响现在、持续到现在的状态、经历
• 标志词：already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, since, for
• have been to（去过，回来了）vs have gone to（去了，没回来）
• 瞬间动词不能与 for/since 连用，需转换为持续性表达
• 现在完成时强调与现在的联系，一般过去时只说过去的事

4.8 典型例题

例题1： — How long ______ you ______ this book? — For two weeks.

1. have; borrowed B. have; kept C. did; borrow D. did; keep

解析： how long 和 for two weeks 都表示持续时间，需要用现在完成时。borrow 是瞬间动词，不能与 for 连用，要用持续性动词 keep。答案是 B。

例题2： He ______ to Beijing. He isn't here now.

1. has been B. has gone C. went D. goes

解析： "他不在这里"说明人去了北京还没回来，用 has gone to。答案是 B。

例题3： I ______ this school since three years ago.

1. have been in B. have gone to C. have come to D. went to

解析： since three years ago 表示持续，come 和 go 是瞬间动词，不能与 since 连用。have been in 表示"一直在"。答案是 A。

4.9 练习题

一、选择题

1. — ______ you ever ______ to the Great Wall? — No, never.

   1. Have; been B. Have; gone C. Did; go D. Do; go

2. She ______ the book for three days.

   1. has borrowed B. has kept C. has lent D. bought

3. — Where is your father? — He ______ to Shanghai.

   1. has been B. has gone C. went D. goes

4. We ______ friends since we were children.

   1. have made B. have been C. have become D. made

5. He ______ his homework already.

   1. finishes B. finished C. has finished D. has been finishing

二、用 since 或 for 填空

1. I have lived here ______ 2018.
2. She has been away ______ three hours.
3. They have known each other ______ a long time.
4. He has worked here ______ he graduated from college.
5. We have waited ______ half an hour.

三、改错题

1. I have bought this bike for two years.
2. He has joined the army since 2019.
3. She has come here for a long time.
4. The film has begun for ten minutes.
5. They have got to know each other since childhood.

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第五章 阅读与写作技巧

5.1 阅读理解技巧

中考英语阅读理解占分很高，掌握以下技巧可以有效提分：

5.1.1 阅读理解的题型

题型	解题方法
细节理解题	回原文定位，找到对应的句子
主旨大意题	看首尾段和每段首句
推理判断题	根据原文信息合理推断，不能过度推理
词义猜测题	看上下文语境，利用同义词、反义词或解释

5.1.2 阅读理解的解题步骤

1. 先看题目：带着问题去读文章，更有针对性
2. 快速浏览：第一遍快速阅读，了解文章大意
3. 精确定位：根据题目回到原文找到相关段落
4. 仔细比对：将选项与原文对比，注意"偷换概念"和"以偏概全"
5. 排除干扰：排除明显错误的选项

5.1.3 实战演练

阅读短文：

Tom is a 15-year-old boy from London. He has been learning Chinese for three years. Last summer, he went to Beijing with his parents. They visited the Great Wall and the Palace Museum. Tom said it was the most wonderful trip he had ever had. He has decided to study in China when he grows up. His parents are very proud of him.

问题：

1. How long has Tom been learning Chinese?
2. Where did Tom go last summer?
3. What has Tom decided to do?

答案与解析：

1. 答案：For three years. —— 定位到第二句 "He has been learning Chinese for three years."
2. 答案：He went to Beijing. —— 定位到第三句 "Last summer, he went to Beijing with his parents."
3. 答案：He has decided to study in China when he grows up. —— 定位到倒数第二句。

5.2 写作技巧

5.2.1 英语作文的基本结构

一篇好的英语作文通常分为三部分：

1. 开头（Opening）：引出话题，表明观点
2. 正文（Body）：分点论述，用事例支撑
3. 结尾（Ending）：总结观点，呼应开头

5.2.2 常用连接词

功能	连接词
表示并列	and, also, as well as, both...and...
表示转折	but, however, although, yet
表示因果	because, so, therefore, as a result
表示递进	besides, moreover, what's more, in addition
表示举例	for example, such as, for instance
表示总结	in a word, in short, all in all, in conclusion

5.2.3 写作模板：观点表达类

题目： 请以 "My Opinion on Homework" 为题，写一篇80词左右的短文。

范文：

My Opinion on Homework

Different students have different ideas about homework. In my opinion, homework is necessary but it shouldn't be too much.

First of all, homework helps us review what we have learned in class. For example, doing math exercises can help us understand the formulas better. Besides, homework teaches us to be responsible and manage our time well.

However, too much homework can make us feel tired and stressed. We also need time to do other things we enjoy, like sports and reading.

In a word, I think teachers should give us proper amount of homework so that we can balance study and rest.

写作技巧点评：

• 使用了 "First of all"、"Besides"、"However"、"In a word" 等连接词，使文章层次清晰
• 使用了宾语从句 "what we have learned in class"
• 使用了 so that 目的状语从句
• 观点明确，有理有据

5.2.4 中考写作常见话题及万能句型

开头万能句：

• With the development of society, ... has become an important topic.（随着社会的发展，……已经成为一个重要话题。）
• Different people have different opinions about...（不同的人对……有不同的看法。）
• As we all know, ... is very important in our daily life.（众所周知，……在我们的日常生活中非常重要。）

正文万能句：

• First of all, ... Secondly, ... Last but not least, ...（首先，……其次，……最后但同样重要的是，……）
• What's more, ...（而且，……）
• For example, ...（例如，……）
• On the one hand, ... On the other hand, ...（一方面，……另一方面，……）

结尾万能句：

• In a word, I think...（总之，我认为……）
• I believe that if we ..., we will...（我相信如果我们……，我们就会……）
• Let's work together to...（让我们一起努力……）

5.3 阅读与写作练习

阅读理解

阅读短文，回答问题：

Li Hua is a student in Grade Nine. He has been studying very hard because the high school entrance exam is coming. His English teacher, Mr. Wang, has taught him for three years. Mr. Wang always says that practice makes perfect. Li Hua has read more than fifty English books so far. He believes that if he keeps working hard, he will pass the exam successfully.

1. Why has Li Hua been studying hard?
2. How long has Mr. Wang taught Li Hua?
3. How many English books has Li Hua read?
4. 找出文中的宾语从句。
5. 找出文中的定语从句（如果有的话）。

参考答案：

1. Because the high school entrance exam is coming.
2. For three years.
3. More than fifty.
4. Mr. Wang always says that practice makes perfect. 和 He believes that if he keeps working hard, he will pass the exam successfully.
5. 文中没有定语从句。

写作练习

题目： 请以 "How to Learn English Well" 为题，写一篇80-100词的短文。要求：

1. 使用至少2个宾语从句
2. 使用连接词使文章层次清晰
3. 语法正确，表达流畅

写作提示：

• 你认为学好英语的重要性
• 学好英语的方法（至少两点）
• 总结和鼓励

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综合练习

一、选择题（每题2分，共30分）

1. I don't know ______ he will come tomorrow.

   1. that B. if C. what D. which

2. The girl ______ is singing is my sister.

   1. which B. who C. whose D. what

3. This is the best film ______ I have ever seen.

   1. which B. who C. that D. what

4. The classroom ______ every day.

   1. is cleaned B. cleaned C. cleans D. is cleaning

5. I ______ this school for three years.

   1. have been in B. have gone to C. have come to D. went to

6. Could you tell me ______?

   1. where is the bank B. where the bank is
   2. where was the bank D. where the bank was

7. The teacher said that the earth ______ around the sun.

   1. go B. goes C. went D. going

8. — How long ______ you ______ the book? — For two weeks.

   1. have; borrowed B. have; kept C. did; borrow D. did; keep

9. He ______ to Beijing. He is not here now.

   1. has been B. has gone C. went D. goes

10. Is there anything ______ I can do for you?

    1. which B. who C. that D. what

11. A new bridge ______ over the river next year.

    1. will build B. will be built C. is built D. was built

12. She ______ the army since 2020.

    1. has joined B. has been in C. joined D. has gone to

13. The man ______ I talked to is a scientist.

    1. which B. whose C. who D. what

14. I wonder ______ you would like to go with me.

    1. that B. whether C. what D. which

15. Great changes ______ in our city since 2015.

    1. have taken place B. have been taken place
    2. took place D. were taken place

二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）

用适当的词填空：

1. I want to know ______ she is coming or not.
2. The book ______ cover is blue is mine.
3. The work must ______ (finish) before Friday.
4. She ______ (live) in this city since 2010.
5. He said that he ______ (be) busy at that time.
6. Do you know ______ he was late for school?
7. This is the first book ______ I have read in English.
8. The flowers should ______ (water) every day.
9. ______ you ever ______ (be) to the Summer Palace?
10. The girl ______ mother is a doctor studies very hard.

三、翻译题（每题3分，共15分）

将下列句子翻译成英语：

1. 我认为他是对的。
2. 站在那里的那个男孩是我的同学。
3. 这些书是去年买的。
4. 他已经离开三天了。
5. 你知道他住在哪里吗？

四、句型转换（每题3分，共15分）

1. People speak English in many countries.（改为被动语态）
2. She has been to Japan twice.（改为否定句）
3. Where does he live? Do you know?（合并为宾语从句）
4. The boy is my friend. He helped me yesterday.（合并为定语从句）
5. He bought the book three days ago.（用现在完成时改写，注意瞬间动词转换）

五、短文填空（每空2分，共20分）

根据上下文和首字母提示填空：

Tom is a student who (1)______ (study) in No. 1 Middle School. He told me that he (2)______ (learn) English since he was ten years old. His English teacher, Mrs. Li, (3)______ (teach) in this school for twenty years. She is the kindest teacher (4)______ Tom has ever met.

Last week, the school library (5)______ (build) thirty years ago (6)______ (decorate). Tom said that many new books (7)______ (add) to the library soon. He has already (8)______ (choose) three books that he wants to read.

Tom believes (9)______ if he works hard, he (10)______ (pass) the high school entrance exam next year.

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综合练习参考答案

一、选择题

1. B — "是否"用 if 引导
2. B — 先行词 the girl（人），从句缺主语，用 who
3. C — 最高级 the best 修饰，只能用 that
4. A — 教室是被打扫的，一般现在时被动 is cleaned
5. A — for three years 表持续，瞬间动词 come/go 不能用，用 have been in
6. B — 宾语从句用陈述句语序，could 表礼貌，从句用现在时
7. B — 客观真理永远一般现在时，第三人称单数加 s
8. B — how long + for 表持续，用现在完成时，borrow→keep
9. B — 人不在这里，用 has gone to
10. C — 不定代词 anything 后只能用 that
11. B — next year 表将来，桥是被建的，will be built
12. B — since 2020 表持续，join 是瞬间动词，用 has been in
13. C — 先行词 the man（人），从句缺宾语（talked to 的宾语），用 who
14. B — "是否"用 whether 引导
15. A — take place 没有被动语态，用现在完成时 have taken place

二、填空题

1. whether — 与 or not 连用，只能用 whether
2. whose — 表示"谁的"，修饰 cover
3. be finished — 情态动词被动 should be done
4. has lived — since 2010 表持续，现在完成时
5. was — 主句 said 过去时，从句也变过去时
6. why — "为什么迟到"，特殊疑问词引导
7. that — 序数词 the first 修饰，只能用 that
8. be watered — 花是被浇水的，被动语态
9. Have ... been — ever + 现在完成时，去过用 been
10. whose — "谁的妈妈"，表所属关系

三、翻译题

1. I think (that) he is right.
2. The boy who/that is standing there is my classmate.
3. These books were bought last year.
4. He has been away for three days.（注意：leave 是瞬间动词，用 be away 替换）
5. Do you know where he lives?（注意：陈述句语序）

四、句型转换

1. English is spoken in many countries (by people).
2. She has never been to Japan. / She hasn't been to Japan twice.
3. Do you know where he lives?
4. The boy who/that helped me yesterday is my friend.
5. He has had the book for three days. / He has kept the book since three days ago.

五、短文填空

1. studies — who 引导定语从句，主语 who = Tom，第三人称单数
2. had learned / had been learning — 主句 told 是过去时，since 从句表持续
3. has taught — for twenty years 表持续到现在，现在完成时
4. that — 最高级 the kindest 修饰，只能用 that
5. built — thirty years ago 表过去，was built（被动语态）
6. is being decorated / was decorated — 根据语境，"正在被装修"或"被装修了"
7. would be added — said 后的宾语从句，主句过去时，will→would，被动语态
8. chosen — has already 后接过去分词，choose 的过去分词是 chosen
9. that — believe 后引导陈述句用 that
10. will pass — next year 表将来，if 条件句中主句用一般将来时

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附录：不规则动词表（常用）

原形	过去式	过去分词	含义
be	was/were	been	是
become	became	become	成为
begin	began	begun	开始
break	broke	broken	打破
bring	brought	brought	带来
build	built	built	建造
buy	bought	bought	买
catch	caught	caught	抓住
choose	chose	chosen	选择
come	came	come	来
cost	cost	cost	花费
cut	cut	cut	切
do	did	done	做
draw	drew	drawn	画
drink	drank	drunk	喝
drive	drove	driven	驾驶
eat	ate	eaten	吃
fall	fell	fallen	落下
feel	felt	felt	感觉
find	found	found	找到
fly	flew	flown	飞
forget	forgot	forgotten	忘记
get	got	got/gotten	得到
give	gave	given	给
go	went	gone	去
grow	grew	grown	生长
have	had	had	有
hear	heard	heard	听见
hide	hid	hidden	藏
hold	held	held	举起
keep	kept	kept	保持
know	knew	known	知道
lay	laid	laid	放置
lead	led	led	领导
leave	left	left	离开
lend	lent	lent	借出
let	let	let	让
lie	lay	lain	躺
lose	lost	lost	丢失
make	made	made	制造
mean	meant	meant	意味着
meet	met	met	遇见
pay	paid	paid	付钱
put	put	put	放
read	read	read	读
ride	rode	ridden	骑
ring	rang	rung	响
rise	rose	risen	升起
run	ran	run	跑
say	said	said	说
see	saw	seen	看见
sell	sold	sold	卖
send	sent	sent	发送
set	set	set	设置
shake	shook	shaken	摇
show	showed	shown	展示
shut	shut	shut	关闭
sing	sang	sung	唱
sit	sat	sat	坐
sleep	slept	slept	睡
speak	spoke	spoken	说
spend	spent	spent	花费
stand	stood	stood	站
steal	stole	stolen	偷
swim	swam	swum	游泳
take	took	taken	拿
teach	taught	taught	教
tell	told	told	告诉
think	thought	thought	想
throw	threw	thrown	扔
understand	understood	understood	理解
wake	woke	woken	醒
wear	wore	worn	穿
win	won	won	赢
write	wrote	written	写

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学习建议： 语法学习没有捷径，关键在于理解规则 + 大量练习。建议同学们每天花20分钟做语法练习，把错题整理到笔记本上，定期复习。坚持下去，你的英语水平一定会有质的飞跃！加油！💪